But the prospect of the catastrophic failure of even a single aircraft remains a major concern for the airline industry and government regulators.Д®dem Tetteh, a graduate student in UVAвЂ™s Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, is working with Rolls-Royce Commonwealth Professor and department chair Eric Loth to develop a coating that could be applied to engine surfaces to minimize ice accretion and adhesion.

This represents a minute percentage of total flights, and pilots were able to recover power in each case. At typical cruising altitude, the thermometer drops to as low as minus-40 degrees Fahrenheit.ДЄt those temperatures, it is not surprising ice build-up on the frontal components and inside the core of jet engines has been implicated in multiple cases of engine surges, decelerations and stalls and more than 140 documented engine failures, according to NASA. Sitting in the warm cabin of a commercial jet airplane, it is hard to imagine just how cold it is outside. вЂњIt was a great opportunity for career development and networking.вЂќ Preventing Jet Engine Icing and Failure вЂњWe met Rolls-Royce employees, presented our research and got to know Rolls-Royce-funded students from other universities,вЂќ Webster said. DayвЂќ at Rolls-RoyceвЂ™s Indianapolis campus. Along with fellow graduate students supported by the company, she was invited to attend вЂњPh.D. Webster has benefited from UVAвЂ™s membership in the Rolls-Royce University Technology Center network in other ways. Rolls-Royce is supplying a viscometer that she will use this year to determine the viscosity of molten calcium magnesium alumino-silicate with varying compositions and to determine if this characteristic has an effect on its infiltration of environmental barrier coatings.

She is experimenting with the chemistry and microstructure of these materials and characterizing their behavior in contact with contaminants of varying composition. Her prime coating candidates are rare earth silicates, materials that can cause the melted contaminants to crystalize on the barrier coating вЂ“ essentially sealing the surface. вЂњOur goal is to devise a mitigating strategy,вЂќ Webster said. These contaminants are referred to collectively as calcium magnesium alumino-silicate, which melts in the engines, leading to penetration and failure of their environmental barrier coatings. The challenge is to design environmental barrier coatings that resist corrosion caused by sand, dust and even volcanic ash sucked into the engine. The hotter the combustion, the more efficient the engine.Д®nvironmental barrier coatings protect ceramic matrix composites from degradation from water vapor and particulate matter produced during combustion. Right now, ceramic matrix compositesвЂ™ lighter weight and greater heat tolerance places them among the leading replacement materials for the nickel-based superalloys currently used in jet engines. Opila is the director of the UVA Rolls-Royce University Technology Center for Advanced Materials Systems. UVA is home to one of three Rolls-Royce University Technology Centers in North America developing technologies for aerospace and advanced manufacturing. Rolls-Royce sponsors WebsterвЂ™s research on designs for new environmental barrier coatings on silicon-carbide-based ceramic matrix composites. SheвЂ™s gaining a better understanding of corrosion processes in professor Elizabeth OpilaвЂ™s lab in the University of VirginiaвЂ™s Department of Materials Science and Engineering. In graduate school, she shifted her focus to a different kind of corrosion вЂ“ what happens inside jet engines. The Association was registered with the Registrar General Department in August 2008 as a not for profit organization and with the Department of Social Welfare as a Non-Governmental Organisation, (NGO).When studying art conservation as an undergraduate, Rebekah Webster eventually realized she was more interested in the chemistry that led to changes such as degraded colors in paintings. Membership is spread across all the ten regions of Ghana. Today, PFAG consists of individual farmers and farmer groups, as well as, value chain actors numbering over 1,000,055 and 1,962 farmers Based Organisations (FBOs). This is one of the factors that informed the formation of the PFAG in 2005 as a group of small scale farmers that have come together to take their destiny into their own hands empower themselves to advocate for change in the policies and practices that perpetuate their poverty and hinder their progress towards achieving food and income security.

The situation became worst after the Ghana structural adjustment and economic recovery programme. For many years, farmers, especially small-scale holders have suffered silently under unfavourable national agricultural policies that threaten their livelihoods and dignity.

Edem tetteh